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Assam

AI-drafted · awaiting admin review

State · Capital: Dispur

Known for

  • Assam tea, grown in the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys
  • Kaziranga and its great one-horned rhinoceros
  • The Brahmaputra river and Majuli, a large inhabited river island
  • Bihu festivals and the Bihu dance
  • Muga, eri and pat silk, and a strong home-weaving tradition
  • Sattriya dance and the Vaishnava satras founded in the tradition of Srimanta Sankardev
  • Kamakhya temple in Guwahati
  • Oil and gas: Digboi has one of the oldest oil refineries in Asia

Main sources of income

Most rural families depend on farming, and the tea estates employ a large workforce in upper Assam and the Barak valley.

  • Services: Trade, transport, government services, education, health and tourism, centred on Guwahati and the district towns
  • Agriculture and plantations: Rice is the main crop; tea estates are a major employer, along with jute, mustard, vegetables, fruit and fisheries
  • Petroleum and natural gas: Crude oil and gas from upper Assam, and refineries at Digboi, Guwahati, Bongaigaon and Numaligarh
  • Handloom and sericulture: Rearing of muga, eri and pat silkworms and weaving on looms found in a great many rural homes
  • Forest produce, bamboo and crafts: Bamboo and cane work, bell metal of Sarthebari and brass of Hajo

Top 5 specialities

  1. Assam tea: Strong, malty tea from the State’s many tea estates and small growers; Assam Orthodox tea carries a GI tag and is sold across the world
  2. Muga silk: GI-tagged golden silk of Assam, reared on som and soalu trees and woven into mekhela sador
  3. Joha rice: GI-tagged short-grain scented rice of Assam, used for festive rice dishes and payas
  4. Boka saul: GI-tagged soft rice that becomes edible after soaking in cold water, eaten with curd and jaggery as jolpan
  5. Karbi Anglong ginger: GI-tagged ginger grown by farmers in the Karbi hills and sold to traders across India

Best practices

  • The namghar as a village commons: Almost every Assamese village has a namghar, a prayer hall started in the Vaishnava tradition of Sankardev. Besides prayer, it serves as a meeting place, village court, school of music and drama, and a store for community needs.
  • Rhino protection at Kaziranga: Steady protection by forest guards, community support and strict anti-poaching work helped the great one-horned rhino recover from very low numbers in the early 20th century; Kaziranga now has the largest population of the species in the world.
  • Weaving as a household skill: Weaving has long been taught at home in Assam, and the loom is part of many rural households. Families weave their own gamosa and mekhela sador, and surplus cloth is sold, giving women their own income.

Dance & performing arts

  • Sattriya (classical)
  • Bihu dance

Festivals

  • Rongali, Kongali and Bhogali Bihu
  • Ambubachi Mela

Food

  • Masor tenga
  • Pitha
  • Khar

Crafts & heritage

  • Muga silk
  • Assam tea
  • Bell-metal work of Sarthebari

Top 5 problems in Assam

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More from Assam

Traditional recipes (32)

  • A light, tangy Assamese fish curry soured with tomato, lemon or elephant apple.

  • The signature Assamese dish: raw papaya and pulses cooked with kola khar, an alkaline liquid filtered from the ash of dried banana peel.

  • Boiled potato mashed with raw mustard oil, onion, green chilli and coriander, the simplest and most loved Assamese side dish.

  • Brinjal roasted over a flame until smoky, mashed with mustard oil, onion and chilli.

  • Roasted or boiled fish mashed with mustard oil, onion and chillies, a quick and flavourful Assamese side dish.

  • Thin rolls of sticky rice flour toasted on a pan and filled with sesame and jaggery, the best-known sweet of Magh Bihu.

  • Small fried cakes of rice flour and jaggery, crisp outside and soft inside, made for Bihu and as a tea-time snack.

  • A soft rice-flour cake filled with coconut and jaggery, steamed on a cloth tied over the mouth of a water pot (tekeli).

  • Balls of fresh coconut cooked with sugar or jaggery, made in every Assamese home for Bihu.

  • Small balls of roasted sesame bound with jaggery, a warming winter sweet for Magh Bihu.

  • Flattened rice soaked and served with thick curd and jaggery, the classic Assamese breakfast and Bihu jolpan.

  • Boka (soft) rice that needs no cooking: it softens in cold water and is eaten with curd, milk or jaggery.

See all 32

Traditional dances (6)

  • The joyful folk dance of Assam, performed by young men and women at Rongali (Bohag) Bihu in spring to the beat of the dhol and the pepa horn.

  • One of India’s eight classical dances, born in the Vaishnava monasteries (satras) of Assam in the tradition of Srimanta Sankardev.

  • The graceful dance of the Bodo women of Assam, often called the butterfly dance for its soft, fluttering movements.

  • An old Assamese narrative performance in which a lead singer (oja) and his chorus (palis) sing, act and dance stories from the epics and Puranas.

  • Devotional one-act plays created by Srimanta Sankardev, performed as Bhaona in namghars and satras with music, dance, masks and a narrator called the sutradhar.

  • A lively group dance of the tea garden communities of Assam, with women in a line and men playing the madal drum.

Festivals and New Years (3)

  • The Assamese New Year and spring festival in mid-April. It begins with Goru Bihu, when cattle are bathed and honoured, and continues with Manuh Bihu, Bihu dance and songs, and gifts of the gamosa.

  • Assam's harvest festival in mid-January. On Uruka night communities feast in temporary huts, and at dawn the meji (bonfire) is lit.

  • An annual fair at the Kamakhya temple in Guwahati during the monsoon, when the temple stays closed for three days and reopens to large crowds of pilgrims.

Pilgrimages and sacred places (1)

  • A Shakti Peetha at Nilachal hill, Guwahati, where Sati's yoni is said to have fallen. The Goddess is worshipped here as Kamakhya.

Famous places (8)

  • Floodplain grasslands, wetlands and forest on the south bank of the Brahmaputra, home to most of the world’s great one-horned rhinos.

  • A forested park on the Manas river at the foot of the Bhutan hills, a tiger reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site rich in rare wildlife.

  • An ancient temple of the goddess Kamakhya on Nilachal hill in Guwahati, one of the most important Shakti pithas in India.

  • A large inhabited river island in the Brahmaputra and the heart of Assam’s Vaishnava satra culture.

  • The old capital of the Ahom kings, with royal palaces, a royal pavilion and temples around a great man-made tank.

  • Grassy burial mounds of the Ahom royal family at Charaideo, the first Ahom capital, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  • A Shiva temple on Peacock Island in the middle of the Brahmaputra at Guwahati, reached by a short ferry ride.

  • Assam’s hill station in the Dima Hasao hills, with a lake, cool weather and green ridges.

Heritage (3)